Biotic factors refer to all the living components of an ecosystem ... oxygen in water bodies is a critical abiotic factor that affects the survival of aquatic species. A drop in dissolved oxygen ...

Coastal vegetated ecosystems are highly productive ... They often consist of macrophytes, i.e. aquatic plants and algae. Many macrophytes are considered foundation species that maintain biodiversity ...

The natural world is a finely-tuned balance of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components that shape our environments. Various biotic factors directly affect processes like population growth, ...