Lower-order aberrations — defocus and astigmatism — are responsible for most of the degradation in a retinal image. That said, it is still useful to understand and measure the effect of higher ...

Astigmatism, derived from Greek meaning "without spot," refers to a common refractive condition that decreases acuity. Astigmatism has both a magnitude and a direction, or axis, unlike spherical ...

The advantages of MICS in the field of the refractive result as astigmatism control and aberration neutrality are supported by many papers of the various authors as described. However, Bi-MICS ...