are where tectonic plates pull apart due to convection currents in the mantle. Most constructive plate boundaries are found on ocean floors. Some of these undersea volcanoes become so large that ...

Under the Pacific Ocean, hidden material was discovered in Earth’s mantle. So we have sunken, ancient worlds down there, and ...

The emerging model of mantle convection suggests that some relatively cool subducting slabs of oceanic plate (blue) are deflected at the 660 km discontinuity (dashed black line) whereas others ...

Over billions of years, convective currents driving plate tectonics should remix and homogenize the entire mantle. However, these findings suggest that convection is limited to the upper part of ...