Therefore, in this paper, based on the engine with CR of 13.5 and electromagnetic valves train (EMVT), a comparative study was carried out to investigate the effects of EIVC and LIVC on engine ...

Located in the "top end" of an engine, the camshaft is a critical part of the valve train that allows air and fuel to enter the combustion chamber (the space above a piston) and exhaust gases out ...