Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is caused by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow at any level from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with the right atrium ...

Diagnosis Superior vena cava syndrome due to thrombotic obstruction---a complication of a cardiac procedure. Management Anticoagulation, catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy, mechanical ...

and may be referred to as inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS). This describes a sequence of signs and symptoms resulting from obstruction or compression of the IVC. Obstruction or compression of ...

The differential diagnoses of SVC syndrome include cardiac tamponade and right ventricular dysfunction. Dedicated cardiac imaging with echocardiography can distinguish between these diagnoses.