Precursor components are synthesized inside the cell and then assembled by enzymes associated with the cell membrane (Figure 3). Plant cells additionally possess large, fluid-filled vesicles ...

A groundbreaking imaging method for tracking salt inside plant cells has rewritten knowledge of how roots handle toxic levels of sodium ions. The findings might aid efforts to boost plant ...

Phloem cells transport sugary water from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Xylem cells run inside stems of plants from their roots to their leaves. Xylem cells die and their ends break down.

Plant cells placed in a solution with an equal water concentration to the contents of their cytoplasm and vacuole (dilute sugar solution) will not experience an overall change in volume.

Plants have two basic immune pathways. First, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on the plant cell’s surface recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) released by invaders—say, the ...