A PAT roadmap should address data analysis, aggregation, visualization, and the smart utility of those data for greater process understanding.

Of paramount importance is the cell line. The cell culture media is the second factor, and third, the configuration of the bioreactor, including settings such as dissolved oxygen or agitation rate.

In contrast, single-cell Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a promising ... of microorganisms and offers advantages such as speed, culture-free operation, and multi-target detection.