“The way to diagnose it is to go back to the old-fashioned karyotype, to physically look at the cells under a microscope to see the rings.” Additionally, doctors looking for a chromosome ...

Image acquisition was undertaken using a BX-41 epifluorescent microscope (objectives: ×20 0.50 NA; 40 × 0.75 NA; Olympus) fitted with a DP-74 digital camera and Cellsens software (V1.18; Olympus).