The pleura is a two-layered membrane that covers the lung. Between the layers is a small amount of lubricating fluid, known as pleural fluid, which helps cushion the lung and reduce friction between ...

The central tendon is a large part of the diaphragm that anchors the diaphragm to the ribs. A healthy person can have some minor variations in the diaphragm's anatomy. For example, the left or right ...

Biochemical and physiological mechanisms of adaptation of organisms to the marine environment. Special emphasis is on biological responses to temperature, salinity, carbon dioxide, pH and bicarbonate ...

Animal physiology is the scientific study of the life-supporting properties, functions and processes of animals or their parts. The discipline covers key homeostatic processes, such as the ...

For anyone who’s spent an evening from the rim at Crater Lake, it’s no surprise it has been named the United States’ best national park for stargazing.