Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are microvascular complications of diabetes. Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be the major targets of hyperglycemic injury. In ...

In addition to excreting nitrogen, urea also mediates urine concentration through specific urea transport proteins (78, 79). The establishment of the renal medullary osmotic gradient is a necessary ...

[38] In the setting of refractory edema (inadequate diuretic response after 120 mg oral furosemide), 10 CHF patients were administered furosemide infusions titrated to clinically adequate diuresis.