Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems. Trophic cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance ...

The beaver is a keystone species. So is the wolf. We now know that top predators, including the giant whales in the seas, drive ecological processes from the top of the food chain to the bottom. This ...

For instance, in Yellowstone National Park, the reintroduction of wolves in 1995 led to what’s known as a trophic cascade. As the wolf population grew, elk numbers decreased, allowing willow and aspen ...